Place of MB0505

1st Assessment (6-months attachment)

2007-06-22T07:10:00.000-07:00

Class,

Please note that for those on 6-months attachment, do ask your supervisor to fill in the first column (individual assessment) on page 37 of your log book.

This individual assessment is different from the online evaluation form that will be sent to them at the end of Aug.

Regards,
Carine

Evaluation Matters

2007-05-30T21:24:00.000-07:00

Class,

For those on 6 months attachment with FYP, the online evaluation form will be emailed to your respective supervisor at the end of the 6 months attachment, which means it will be around the period of August. Students will have no access to it.

As for those who have finished their 3 months of attachment, I'm sure the online evaluation has been sent to your respective supervisors too.

Carine

NAPFA Test

2007-05-20T00:34:00.000-07:00

MB0505

NAPFA TEST

19 Jul 2007

Wednesday

5.30 pm

Students are to report 10 mins prior to their test time at Blk G Room 312 for their attendance to be taken. All students must be in proper track and field attire.

Students who have chronic medical conditions are to submit their doctor's letter(s) (CMPB letter for NS-eligible males) directly to the SAO to be excused from NAPFA.

For those who would like to have training sessions, kindly contact Seng Kiong.

Students who will be on overseas attachment will have their test date rescheduled when they return.

NAPFA is compulsory for all registered students of NYP (males, females, Singaporeans, international students). The results will be reflected on their transcript.

Carine

Classrep of MB0505.

2007-03-07T04:08:00.000-08:00

Hi guys, while you are enjoying your holidays, please take note of the following(:

NOTICE

09 March 2007

LTQ-6

9am

For attachment briefing.

ALL must come.

See ya,

Carine

InImm Revision

2007-02-26T01:44:00.000-08:00

I believe some of us are still confused about what exactly is intracellular, extracellular bacteria. So here's my 2 cents worth.

OVERVIEW

Bacteria/toxin/viruses attach on the surface of a macrophage.
Taken into macrophage via endocytosis.
Vesicle is formed inside the macrophage. (another name for vesicle is phagosome)
If the phago-lysosome fusion is able to take place, bacteria is called a EXTRACELLULAR bacteria. If the fusion is unable to take place, bacteria is called an INTRACELLULAR bacteria. If the virus manage to penetrate the vesicle to enter into the cytoplasm without the fusion process, it is a FREE-FLOATING CYTOPLASM.

INTRACELLULAR BACTERIA (Example: TB)

How our immune system is evoked.

Endocytosis of bacteria cell into macrophage.
Fusion of vesicle and lysosome is triggered.
As the fusion is prevented, IL-12 is released by macrophage.
Antigens are processed and presented as MHC Class 2.
APC cell talks to a CD4+ T cell.
IL-12 released by macrophage stimulate CD4+ to differentiate into TH1 t cells.
Activated TH1 cell activates macrophage, makes it more aggressive, forces fusion to occur.
Once fusion has occured and downstream processes is carried out, IL-4 is released by macrophage.
IL-4 activates TH0 T cell into TH2 T cell.
TH2 T cell activates B cell, makes them proliferate and produce antibodies.
Antiobodies will target those intracellular bacteria present outside the cell. (read up on functions of Antibodies)

EXTRACELLULAR BACTERIA
Example: bacteria toxin

How our immune system is evoked.

Endocytosis of bacteria cell into macrophage.
Fusion of vesicle and lysosome is triggered.
After digestion of bacteria, IL-4 is released by macrophage.
Antigens are processed and presented on MHC Class 2.
APC cell talks to a CD4+ T cell.
IL-4 released by macrophage stimulates TH0 into TH2 T cells.
TH2 T cell activates B cell, makes them proliferate and produce antibodies.
Antiobodies will target those intracellular bacteria present outside the cell. (read up on functions of Antibodies)

FREE FLOATING IN CYTOPLASM
Example: viruses

How our immune system is evoked.

Endocytosis of bacteria cell into macrophage.
Viruses manage to penetrate through vesicle and enters cytoplasm.
Antigens are processed and presented as MHC Class 1 molecules.
APC cell talks to CD8+ T cell.
CD8+ T cell is activated and lyse cell via perforins or FasL.

Best of luck!

Carine

Ptech Scenario 6 -1

2007-02-25T06:13:00.001-08:00

bioinf tips!

2007-02-23T05:12:00.000-08:00

Bioinformatics Tips from MB0503.

Section A - MCQs (Week 1 to Molecular Modelling) 20 Marks
Section B - Short Answer Questions 80 Marks

1 Question from Adrian
2 Questions from L.T
3 Questions from William

L.T Topics

1. Protein Analysis - Multiple Sequence Alignment

identify similar areas
how to use?
weaknesses?
information that can be derived

2. Genome Analysis - comparative analysis / genome of simple organism

3. Nucleotide Analysis - gene finding alogrithm (GenScan / MZEF)

BLAST - similarity & identity
the different tools under BLAST
ORF - conceptual translation

Willam How's Topics

Primary and secondary database
Definitions and examples
Elaborate on the different databases
GenBank - nucleotide / annotation / variable DNA sequence (Partial genes, complete genes, complete genome)
How is secondary information derived from primary?
Explain the different forms of classification.

Jia You!
Carine(:

Grades Obtained for MedMirro Presentation.

2007-02-23T04:57:00.000-08:00

Medmicro Presentation

Virulence (Ernest's Group) - B
Ebola (Yong Sheng's Group) - B+
Vancomycin (Anne-May's Group) - A
Cholera (Yong Cai's Group) - A
Bioterrorism (Candy's Group) - B+
PCR (Kelvin's Group) - A

Note: Medmicro practicals reports are currently with Kelvin. Do collect them from him.

Cheers,
Carine

Exams - BPtech

2007-02-20T02:05:00.000-08:00

1st Paper

Module: Bioprocess Technology
Format: 4 Questions x 25 marks each
Reminder: Bring your notes as it is OPEN-BOOK and your calculator!

All the best!
Carine

BPtech Revision - part 2

2007-02-20T02:00:00.000-08:00

Best of luck,
Carine

BPtech Revision

2007-02-20T01:47:00.000-08:00

To be continued...
Carine

2007-02-12T18:09:00.001-08:00

Tips for Exams

CL 2200 IMMUNOLOGY

All questions will be interlinked. Mostly after week 12.

CL 2201 MOLECULAR GENETICS

Section A and B-All topics will be tested
Section C-Topics after common test will be tested, 2 questions from Dr Chan, 1 question from
Ms Leong

CL 2202 BIOINFORMATICS

William How

Lecture 1 (Overview)

The 3 central biological processes

Lecture 2 (Databases)

Definations of primary and secondary database
Examples of primary and secondary database
Details about nucleotide database
-example:GENBANK
Annotation sequences
Explain why data in nucleotide database is heterogenous
-complete genome, partial sequences, incomplete genes)
Details about protein database
-portals, know the member of each portal

Week 3 (Secondary Databases)

How info in secondary database is derived?
-PROSITE, PFAM, PRINTS
Different ways of analysis
-Regular expression (PROSITE)
-Rules (PROSITE)
-Fuzzy expression
-Fingerprints (PRINTS)
-Blocks
-Profiles
-Hidden Markov Models (pfam)

Week 5 (Whole Genome Database)

Comparative Genomics

Lawrence Tham

Week 6 (Analysis Tools for Nucleotide I)

Why align sequences
Definations of similarity, identity, conservation, homologues, paralogues, orthologues
Significance of E-value and P-value
Which tools have E-value and P-value, which does not

Week 7 (Analysis Tools for Nucleotide II)

BLAST tools
NCBI
Different BLAST tools and when do we use them
Conceptual translation

Week 8 (Analysis tool for Protein Sequence Analysis)

MSA
-purpose of MSA
CLUSTALW
How to use CLUSTALW
What can u get from CLUSTALW
Limtations of CLUSTALW
Consensus Sequence
-must be able to interpret the consensus sequence
-[ yA ] x---v--
-Know wat the [ ] means, Wat is the use of the capital

CL 2203 PROTEIN TECHNOLOGY

Qn 1 n 2 on purification
-Qn1: How to do it and choosing
-Qn2: Explain how the techniques works
Qn3 n 4 on structures
-topology diagrams
-domains alone
Q5 on folding enzymes
-chaperonins
-PDIs
-PPIases
Q6 on tags and inclusion bodies
-HIS
-GST
-Impact Twin
-Growth curve
-how proteins form inclusion bodies
-Interpret from gel

CL 2206 MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY

AK: Bacterial diseases of the reproductive system
Vanaja: Bird Flu lectures, viral pathogenesis lecture
Tan Khoon Bin: Mechanism of action and definations
Tay Boon Hunt
-Parasitology: life cycle, parasite that caused GI tract, clinical symptoms of parasites
that caused GI infection
-Mycology: different types of mycoses, microscopy, diagnosis (methods, clinical
symptoms
-Bacteriology: Neisseria, enterobacteriaceae, microscopy, cultural characteristics,
biochemical tests

CL 2207 MARKETING

Section A n B

First semester

Lecture 2

Concept of exchange
5 marketing orientations/philosophies
Organisation's marketing environment
-cultural, economy, social, legal etc
4 philosophies
-production orientation
-sales
-market
-societal

Lecture 3

Consumer buying process
Factors influencing consumer behaviour
-Maslow's hierarchy of needs
-social factors (reference groups, opinion leaders, family etc)
Types of consumer buying process
-routine response behaviour
-limited decision making
-extensive decision making

Lecture 10 (segmentation)

bases for segnentation
criteria for effective segmentation

Lecture 11

classifications of products (convenience, specialty, exclusive, unsought)
product mix decisions (line depth, product mix width)
product line
product line depth
types of brand (generic, manufacture, private, co-branding)
product warranty (express, implied)

Lecture 12

Marketing mix decisions for product at each stage of PLC
-product modification
-quality modufication
-repositioning
new product development process
product characteritics and rate of adoption
-complexity
-compatibility
-relative advantages
-observability
-triability

Second semester

Lecture 6 n 7

Types of advertising
advocacy and product advertising
types of advertising appeal
media selection/frequency

Lecture 8

Publicity

Lecture 9

Personal selling process
-lead generation (sources of sales leads)
-tasks of sales management

Section C

Marketing Mix
SWOT Analysis
Market Research
Lecture 4 (2nd sem)
-Primary and secondary data
-how to obtain market share from secondary data
Lecture 10 (lst sem)
-segmentation bases
-benefits of segmentation
Lecture 12 (lst sem)
-diffusion of innovation
Lecture 11 n 12
-characteristics of PLC
Lecture 11
-purposes of branding
-uses of packaging
key opinion leaders
3 types of product advertising
Institutional advertising
What type of advertising companies adopt?

Good luck for the exams
Anne

Exams.

2007-02-08T05:33:00.000-08:00

Formats for the exam papers.

Module: Bioinformatics

Section A: 20 MCQs x 2 marks each
Section B: 6 Short Answer Questions x 10 marks each

Module: Introduction to Immunology

5 questions x 20 marks each

Module: Protein Technology

6 questions

Module: Medical microbiology

1 from AK
1 from Vanaja
1 from TKB
3 from TBH

Module: Molecular Genetics

Section A: 20 MCQs x 2 marks each
Section B: 5 Short Answer Questions x 6 marks each
Section C: 2 Essay Questions x 15 marks each (topics after CT)

Module: BPtech

To be confirmed.

Module: Marketing for Life Sciences 2

Section A: 20 MCQs x 1 mark each
Section B: 3 short cases (5 MCQs for each case x 2 marks each)
Section C: 3 choose 2 cases x 25 marks each

Carine

2007-02-04T07:23:00.000-08:00

Schedule

Monday
Ptech Revision: 3-5pm Block R Level 1

Tuesday
MolGene Lecture: 10.00 to 12noon S-2
InImm Prac Review: 1.00pm LTQ-6

Wednesday
BPtech Practical Quiz: 10.00 to 11.00am S-2
Marketing Presentation by Best Group : S-2

Thursday
No school.

Friday
MolGene tutorial: 12noon to 2.oopm.

Carine.

2007-02-04T07:08:00.000-08:00

Reminders

Submit the soft copy of your InImm reports for both epracs (Isolation of mononuclear cells & Contact Hypersensitivity) to Mr Ak. His email is: Anand_KRISHNASAMY@nyp.gov.sg
Submit a hard copy of your Ptech individual report for PBL (if you have not done so) to Carine before/at the start of the Ptech tutorial.
Submit a hard copy of your MolGene report to the classrep on Friday, 9 Feb.

Stay tuned for more updates,
Carine

2007-02-02T20:34:00.000-08:00

Reports to hand in:

CL 2203 Protein Technology PBL individual report
Individual report
Due date: Monday 5/02/2007
CL 2201 Molecular Genetics PCR report
Individual report
Due date: Friday9/02/2007

Anne

Annoucements

2007-01-28T05:35:00.000-08:00

Class,

please note the following:

Please submit your Immuno Assignment by ONE pm, 29January.
The Molgene tutorial at 2pm has been cancelled. It will be rescheduled at a later date.
Please submit te 2 immuno epracs for week 15 on 02 Feb 2007. The 2 pracs can be found on the cms, under week15.
There will be a immuno practical review for us on 8 Feb 2007, 1 pm. Venue will be at the usual prac place.

Carine.

BPT Tutorial

2007-01-24T08:07:00.000-08:00

Hey guys, these are the projects you all would
have to take a look into and do their worksheets.
Candy A C
Cara B A
Yong Cai C L
Carine D K
Yong Sheng J I
Jeff K H
Ernest L G
Marcus A J
Lin yi F J
Joel G H
Zeya B K
Yi Wei H I
Aisah I G
Huda D A
Siu Ling E L
Sze Ho F B
Linda J F
Michelle K D
Kelvin G D
Anne May L C
Ben H E
Jin Hong I F
Zi Ling A B

kelvin.

Annoucement.

2007-01-21T07:43:00.000-08:00

Annoucement (from Mr Ak)

Class,

For those who have not attended the Immuno Movie Critic last friday, there is another session on 24 Jan 2007, Wednesday at the Student Conference Room (Level 4). This will be the last session.

Carine

MolGene Practical

2007-01-20T07:45:00.000-08:00

- - -
Lane 1 DNA Ladder Marker
Lane 2 Negative Control
Lane 3 Positive Control (+/+)
Lane 4 Positive/negative Control (+/-)
Lane 5 Negative/negative Control (-/-)
Lane 6 Blank
Lane 7 Candy
Lane 8 Carine
Lane 9 Yong Hong
Lane 10 Ernest
Lane 11 Lin Yi
Lane 12 Zeya
Lane 13 Sze Ho
Lane 14 Michelle
Lane 15 Kelvin
Lane 16 Ziling

Updates.

2007-01-20T07:28:00.000-08:00

Immuno E-practical (Immunocytochemistry) has been uploaded on the cms. Please answer the questions and hand in your report to me by 24 Jan 2007.
Ptech Tutorial on Mon, 22 Jan 2007. (same time, same place).
Medmicro lecture on Thurs, 7pm as usual.
No lessons on Thursday and Friday

Carine

EXAM TIMETABLE

2007-01-14T08:27:00.000-08:00

DATE: 22-FEB-07 (THU)
TIME: 12:30PM - 02:30PM
MODULE: BIOPROCESS TECHNOLOGY
VENUE: G.221 (Z1)

DATE: 23-FEB-07 (FRI)
TIME: 08:30AM - 10:30AM
MODULE: MARKETING FOR LIFE SCIENCES 2
VENUE: A.339

DATE: 26-FEB-07 (MON)
TIME: 08:30AM - 10:30AM
MODULE: PROTEIN TECHNOLOGY
VENUE: G.221 (Z3)

DATE: 27-FEB-07 (TUE)
TIME: 08:30AM - 10:30AM
MODULE: INTRODUCTION TO IMMUNOLOGY
VENUE: A.339

DATE: 28-FEB-07 (WED)
TIME: 12:30PM - 02:30PM
MODULE: BIOINFORMATICS
VENUE: G.221 (Z3)

DATE: 01-MAR-07 (THU)
TIME: 12:30PM - 02:30PM
MODULE: MOLECULAR GENETICS
VENUE: A.339

DATE: 02-MAR-07 (FRI)
TIME: 08:30AM - 10:30AM
MODULE: MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY
VENUE: G.221 (Z1)

Carine.

2007-01-14T03:04:00.000-08:00

UPDATES.

Submit E-practical 6-Magnetic Separation of Cells (Immuno) on Monday, 14 January 2007.
Submit Protein Etutorial (with models if applicable) on Tuesday, 15 January 2007 at 1.15pm during the Medmicro Lecture timeslot.
Submit BioInf Practical Report on Thursday, 17 January 2007.
Movie Critic at LTQ-6 on Wednesday, 16 January 2007, 3.00pm to 5.00pm

Carine

Week 13 Tutorials

2007-01-07T07:12:00.002-08:00

Module: CL2200, Introduction to Immunology
Status: live ,changed to thurs
Venue: NYP
Duration: 5pm to 6pm

Module: Cl 2203 Protein Technology
Status: e-learn
Venue: NYP ____
Duration: ___am/pm to ___am/pm

Module: Cl 2204 Bioprocess Technology
Status: live
Venue: NYP R120
Duration: 3pm to 4pm

Module: Cl2207 Marketing for Life Science
Status: cancelled
Venue: NYP ____
Duration: ___am/pm to ___am/pm

candy

Week 13 Tutorials

2007-01-07T07:12:00.001-08:00

2006-12-20T02:05:00.000-08:00

Reports to hand in

CL 2202 (Bioinformatics)

Experiment 7-Nocleotide Analysis
Individual report
Due on Thursday 4/01/2007
Experiment 8-Multiple Sequence Alignment
Individual Report
Due on Thursday 4/01/2007

Anne

2006-12-20T02:03:00.000-08:00

Reports to hand in

CL 2203 (Protein Technology)

Experiment 7-SDS-PAGE
Individual report
Due on Monday 1/01/2007
Experiment no 8-Western Immunoblotting
Individual report
Due on Monday 1/01/2007

Anne

2006-12-20T02:00:00.000-08:00

Reports to hand in

CL 2201 (Molecular Genetics)

E-tutorial week 7-DNA Identification
Individual report
Due on Friday 5/01/2007
E-tutorial week *-Transgenic Fly
Individual report
Due on Friday 5/01/2007

Anne

2006-12-20T01:52:00.000-08:00

Reports to hand in

CL 2200 (Immunology)

E-practical 5-Ouchterlony Assay
Individual report
Due on Wedsnesday 3/01/2007
E-practical 6-Magnetic Separation of Cells
Individual report
Due on Wedsnesday 3/01/2007

Anne

Common Test - Introduction to immunology

2006-12-09T01:01:00.000-08:00

CL2200 Introduction to Immunology

The 2 important organisms to read up for Immuno are:

Shigella
E.coli

Carine.

Common Test - Medical Microbiology

2006-12-09T00:57:00.000-08:00

CL2105 Medical Microbiology

The 2 organisms to take note is:

Corynebacterium (Diptheria toxin - responsible for the signs and symptons of diptheria)
Vibrio ( Chloera toxin - most important virulence factor of V.Cholerae)

Carine.

Ptech: tutorials.

2006-12-06T06:40:00.000-08:00

Please ensure that you have attempted the following tutorials for Ptech.

Tutorial 1: Primary Structure and peptide Bond

Tutorial 3: Supersecondary Structures of Proteins & Tertiary Structures of Proteins

Tutorial 5: Protein Purification & Column Chromatography

Tutorial 6: Column Ion-exchange Chromatography/ Chromatofocusing

Tutorial 7: HIC; affinity chromatography and size exclusion chromatography

Carine.

CL2207 Marketing for Life Sciences II

2006-12-05T04:38:00.000-08:00

Things to include in the REPORT:

Title
Table of contents
Executive summary
Background of company
Situation Analysis: SWOT
Marketing Strategy
* Marketing Research/ Survey
* Findings/ Analysis
Recommendations/ Conclusion

* meetup with Ms Tan.

Deadline for Report: WEEK 13.

Presentation Schedule For MB0505:
Week 13 – Cheesdale
Week 14 – F&N group
Week 15 – Japanese Restaurant
Week 16 – Yogurt Drink
Week 17 – NYP Pharmacy

Carine

CL2204 Bioprocess Technology

2006-12-05T04:34:00.000-08:00

Answers to Problem Set 9

stirred tank reactor, penicillin, areation, agitation
bubble column, aspect, height, diameter, energy
air-lift, draft, annulus, loop
perfusion, fresh, waste, physical entrapment
active site, conformational, partition, supportm pH, diffuse
rpm, marine, spargers, carbon dioxide

Answers to Problem Set 12

Answers to Problem Set 13 (Set 1)

Carine.

Common Tests - Timetable

2006-12-05T01:28:00.000-08:00

11/12/2006 Monday InImm 12-1pm

12/12/2006 Tuesday MedMicro 12-1pm

13/12/2006 Wednesday Ptech 12-1pm

14/12/2006 Thursday Marketing 12-1pm; Molgene 3.30-4.30pm

15/12/2006 Friday BPtech 12-1pm; BioInf 3.30-4.30pm

*All common tests will be held at R120.

Blogged By: Carine.

Common Test- Formats

2006-12-05T01:17:00.000-08:00

Updated: 5.12.2006

1. Format for Ptech Common Test
40MCQs
10 T/F
60mins, last 15mins will be open book for us to check answers
CMS questions are important for CT

2. Format for BPtech Common Test
1 hour, closed book
section A: 30 MCQs
section B: 20 T/F
Please do the review quiz and all related tutorials.

3. Format for MolGene Common Test
10 MCQs, 2 marks each
3 Short Answers, 10 marks each.
All from Ms Leong's lectures.

4. Format for InImm Common Test
15 MCQs
15 True/False
3 Choose 2 Short Answer Questions (1 from Ak, 1 from LWY, 1 from Micheal)

5. Format for Marketing for LS 2
MCQs – 20 Ques ,1 mark each
Short Answers – choose 1 out of 2 (a,b,c,d) 30 marks case study
Topics: Advertising, Public Relations, Marketing Research,

6. Format for MedMicro Common Test
20 MCQs, 2 marks each
2 Short Answer Questions, 5 marks each.
Half from AK, the other half from Vanaja.

7. Format for BioInf Common Test
Section A: 20 MCQs x 2 marks
Section B: 10 Short Answer Ques x 6 marks each - require 4-6 sentences

Blogged By: Carine

Week 8 tutorials

2006-12-04T06:15:00.000-08:00

**pls take note that only Immuno tut and Protein Tech tut is changed, the rest remains the same.

Module: CL 2200, Intro to Immunology
Status: live
Venue: NYP Q516
Duration: 10 am to 11 am on 8 nov, Fri

Module: CL 2204 Bioprocess Tech
Status: No Tutorial
Venue: -
Duration: -

Module: CL 2202 Bioinfo (remedial, pls attempt the past year papers)
status: live
venue: Q710
duration: 10-11am on 7 Nov, Thurs

Module: CL 2203 Protein Technology
Status: live
Venue: Q517
Duration: 11am to 12pm on 8 Nov, Fri

Module: CL 2201 Molecular Genetics
Status: live
Venue: NYP Q710
Duration: 12 pm to 2pm
* please rem to wear covered shoes cos the tut is in the lab.

have a blessed week ahead, candy =)

Lectures.

2006-12-04T05:59:00.000-08:00

Class,

Please note that there will be no lectures for BPtech and InImm this week.

Please check you email for updates on InImm pracs/tutorials.

Carine

Reports to hand in on Week 7

2006-12-03T06:04:00.000-08:00

Deadline: MONDAY, 4.12.2006
Report(s): Ptech Expt 5 & 6; MedMicro Expt 4&5
Individual for Ptech, Pair for MedMicro

Deadline: THURSDAY, after 2 weeks break
Report(s): BioInf Practical 7
Individual

Deadline: FRIDAY, after 2 weeks break
Report(s): MolGene E-practical for Week7
Individual

BioInf Common Test - TIPs

2006-12-03T01:38:00.000-08:00

1. Be able to explain what is bioinformatics. ( the use of IT in life sciences, etc...)
3. Know what is a database and what are tools.
3. Bibliography - Journals (e.g. PUBMED)
4. Nucleotide - DNA Sequence
5. Protein - Protein Sequence

Week 2
-Know the definition of primary databases. (archives; contains biomolecular sequences and annotation that tells us what the biomolecule is)
-Be able to give examples of primary databases. (DNA Database - EMBL, GenBank, DDBJ)
-Know how to search for primary database. (e.g. using BLAST - Basic Local Alignment Search Tool)

Week 3 & 4
-Seconday Databases
-Definition - derived from primary databases
-Give examples - PROSITE, PRINTS, pfam
-How to search in secondary databases
-Nature of data and how they are derived (Being able to produce diagrams to illustrate how each database works is an advantage)

Blogged By: Carine.